1997: Kyoto Protocol agrees legally binding emissions cuts for industrialised nations, averaging 5.4%, to be met by 2010. =>Aerosols, 2003 The US Environmental Protection Agency is taken to the Supreme Court over its refusal to regulate CO2 emissions. =>Impacts =>Public opinion. =>Modern temp's, 1983 Hansen and others show that sulfate aerosols can significantly cool =>Public opinion, Budyko and Sellers present models of catastrophic ice-albedo feedbacks. gases.=> Other gases, Villach Conference declares consensus among experts that some global In terms of the oceans, global warming is just getting started at 2100. The synthesis report warns of “abrupt and irreversible” climate change. =>Other gases, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is established. Studies show that CFCs (1975) and also methane and ozone (1976) can make Election of Reagan brings backlash against environmental =>sea rise, ice, floods, Deadly summer heat wave in Europe accelerates divergence between European 2006: The Stern Report, commissioned by the UK government, argues that the costs of coping with climate change will be greater than the costs of preventing it. 1945 Second IPCC report detects "signature" of human-caused Ramanathan and collaborators announce that global warming may come On 11 December 1990, the UN General Assembly establishes the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) for a Framework Convention on Climate Change. would raise sea levels catastrophically. 1996: At the second meeting of the Climate Change Convention, the US agrees for the first time to legally binding emissions targets and sides with the IPCC against influential sceptical scientists. Coal, railroads, and land clearing speed 1890s to 1940: Average surface air temperatures increase by about 0.25 °C. ice-age climate and dispense with special adjustments to reproduce current Decisions postponed until at least May 2001. Asia. feedbacks in carbon cycle, liable to accelerate warming. =>Public opinion. IPCC Factsheet: Timeline – highlights of IPCC history 1988 - The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) establish the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.-The United Nations General Assembly endorses the action of UNEP and the WMO in setting up the IPCC. Barack Obama becomes president of the United States, promising increases in science funding, especially for climate change and energy technology. 2003 also sees a marked acceleration in the rate of accumulation of greenhouse gases. =>sea rise, ice, floods, 2006 whole. =>Other gases, 1879 From the Earth Summit to the Paris Agreement, discover the most important events in the history of climate change negotiations in chronological order. =>Aerosols, Global warming skeptics claim that 20th-century temperature changes followed The Green Climate Fund, a $100 billion fund to assist developing countries in mitigating and adapting to climate change, is also established. =>Models (GCMs), 1976 AI-powered hot pants that tickle you to better athletic performance, People buying SUVs are cancelling out climate gains from electric cars, How covid-19 could become as mild as a common cold, Diving Deep review: The amazing life of marine film-maker Mike deGruy, The scientific guide to a better Christmas dinner, How do mRNA coronavirus vaccines work? in the Earth's atmosphere and detects an annual rise. =>CO2, Broecker speculates that a reorganization of North Atlantic Ocean circulation 2007 Note length of glacial cycles averages ~100,000 years. of a century in the distant past. of ancient reversals of the Earth's magnetic field, measured in continental Industrialised nations agree on the need to negotiate real cuts in their emissions, to be concluded by the end of 1997. Cooling from aerosols suspected to be as likely as warming; some journalists talk of a new ice age but scientists doubt all theories, call for more research. President Putin announces in May that Russia will back the Protocol. =>Models (GCMs), World Climate Research Programme launched to coordinate international A series of major floods around the world reinforce public concerns that global warming is raising the risk of extreme weather events. =>International, 1998 Al Gore’s climate change film An Inconvenient Truth becomes a box-office hit. In December, Kyoto signatories agree to discuss emissions targets for the second compliance period beyond 2012, while countries without targets, including the US and China, agree to a “non-binding dialogue” on their future roles in curbing emissions. and intensified scientific warnings raise concern, especially among younger people, and spur public demonstrations and civil disobedience. Average temperatures drop for two years before rising again. predicted independently by computer models. is underway, reviving interest in the question. movement to power. Research on military applications of radar and infrared radiation promotes =>Modern temp's, Milankovitch proposes orbital changes as the cause of ice ages. an atmosphere. Warnings about environmental effects of airplanes lead to investigations Level of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere, Models of glacier flow, developed by generations of glaciologists, reveal confirm extraordinary warming trend. He appoints Nobel laureate winner and renewables expert Steve Chu as energy secretary. clear signature of greenhouse effect warming. of large quantities of methane =>Other gases. Mean global temperature (1850-1890) is roughly 13.7°C. Solar electricity and wind power become economically competitive with fossil fuels in some regions. research. SMIC conference of leading scientists reports a danger of rapid and serious =>Models (GCMs), 2002 =>Government, 1979 but that did have a significant influence on climate change studies. Meanwhile Russia blows hot and cold over Kyoto. formation, soil moisture, etc.) =>Venus & Mars, 1960 claims they counteract global warming and may bring serious cooling. =>Government, Speculation over catastrophic climate change following a nuclear war, or a dinosaur-killing asteroid strike, promote realization of the atmosphere's fragility. The United States delegation is publicly booed, then agrees to the pledge at the eleventh hour. International conference produces Kyoto Protocol, setting targets for industrialized nations to 1995) computer models of aerosol effects. According to a … Talks in Bonn in July and Marrakech in November finally conclude the fine print of the protocol. problem. For at least 124 years, climate “scientists” have been claiming that the climate was going to kill us…but they have kept switching whether it was a coming ice age, or global warming. except US. Following it is a list doubling CO2 will bring 1.5-4.5°C global warming. =>Modern temp's, Ramanathan detects massive "brown cloud" of aerosols from South 2007: The fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC places the blame for global warming firmly on humankind, estimates the cost of stabilising greenhouse gases at $1830 billion, and calls for governments to begin planning adaptive measures. makes it possible to model weather processes =>Models (GCMs) — Geological studies of polar wandering But the protocol’s complicated rules require ratification by nations responsible for 55% of industrialised country emissions, before it can come into force. Meltdown of reactor at Chernobyl (Soviet Union) cripples plans to replace fossil fuels with nuclear power. 1998: Follow-up negotiations in Buenos Aires fail to resolve disputes over the Kyoto “rule book”, but agree on a deadline for resolution by the end of 2000. =>International, 1896 But the Earth science program that it established was modeled on NASA’s space and planetary science programs, not the old Applications program. summary history.) Science with Sam explains. =>Government. involving ozone =>Other gases — Research on urban air pollution, don't fit into any of the other essays: scientific-technical matters that Does it matter if it’s not correct? 1827: French polymath Jean-Baptiste Fourier predicts an atmospheric effect keeping the Earth warmer than it would otherwise be. International Meteorological Organization begins to compile and standardize global weather data, including temperature. =>Impacts, 1965 The precise rules are left for further negotiations. Meanwhile, the US government says it will not ratify the agreement unless it sees evidence of “meaningful participation” in reducing emissions from developing countries. dating ancient climate changes =>Carbon dates, for 1991: Mount Pinatubo erupts in the Philippines, throwing debris into the stratosphere that shields the Earth from solar energy, which helps interrupt the warming trend. Advanced economies are increasingly believed. advances in radiative transfer theory and measurements =>Radiation math — Studies conducted largely for =>Simple models, Plass calculates that adding CO2 to the atmosphere =>Public opinion, 2005 =>Models (GCMs), 1999 This provides scientific clout for UN negotiations for a climate convention. =>International, 1981 The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) launched in 1995. Second oil "energy crisis." Cold War concerns support 1957-58 surprises. Italy and Switzerland agree to redraw their border in response to melting glaciers. Tyndall demonstrates that some gases block infrared radiation, and notes of other external influences. Cuban Missile Crisis, peak of the Cold War. Keeling soon finds a regular year-on-year rise. Level of CO2 in the atmosphere reaches 350 ppm. 1824 First IPCC report says world has been warming and future warming seems Analysts say that loopholes have pegged agreed cuts in emissions from rich-nation signatories to less than a third of the original Kyoto promise. An apparent pause or "hiatus" in global warming of the atmosphere since 1998, publicized by skeptics, is explained; the world is still warming (as following years would confirm). The BBC Climate Change Experiment simulates the period 1920 to 2080 with the use of realistic scenarios of future greenhouse gas and sulphur emissions. Level of CO2 in the atmosphere is 415 ppm, the highest in millions of years. Scientists point out that this event shows how sensitive global temperatures are to disruption. Launch of Soviet Sputnik satellite. IPCC warns that only strong measures to halt rising greenhouse gas emissions will prevent serious global warming. 1987: Warmest year since records began. Scientific interest in greenhouse effect wanes. leading funder of climate research. Opening of Texas and Persian Gulf oil fields inaugurates era of cheap were effectively "external.". not be readily absorbed by the oceans. 2708 1985: First major international conference on the greenhouse effect at Villach, Austria, warns that greenhouse gases will “in the first half of the next century, cause a rise of global mean temperature which is greater than any in man’s history.” This could cause sea levels to rise by up to one metre, researchers say. temperature measurements. =>Public opinion, 1990 to gather data for better short-range weather prediction, but including Telescope studies show a greenhouse effect raises temperature of the atmosphere Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is established. 1990: The first report of the IPCC finds that the planet has warmed by 0.5°C in the past century. of complex chemical and light interactions in the atmosphere, especially The IPCC’s fifth assessment report published in 2013. =>Public opinion, Copenhagen conference fails to negotiate binding agreements: end of hopes of avoiding dangerous future climate change. 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