Most characters displayed positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Of notable concern is the finding that the “homicidal maniac” stereotype associated with schizophrenia is prevalent in contemporary movies. 6, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Vol. Violence toward others was coded as nonhomicidal or homicidal; attempted murder was coded as homicidal. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000 Google Scholar, 14 Limosin F , Loze J , Philippe A , et al. Causation of schizophrenia was infrequently noted, although about one-fourth of movies implied that a traumatic life event was significant in causation. Schizophrenia does not cause someone to be violent. New York, Facts on File, 2007 Google Scholar, 17 Rosen A , Walter G , Politis T , et al. Late or unusual crawling 3. The pervasiveness and nature of misinformation are difficult to ascertain because of the lack of empirically based studies of movies portraying schizophrenia. The cinematic character with schizophrenia typically is Caucasian and male, characteristics that are counter to actual incidence data. Schizophrenia is categorised by so called ‘positive symptoms’ such as hearing voices (hallucinations) and ‘negative symptoms’ (disordered thinking, poor motivation, poor social function). 49, No. The earliest indications of childhood schizophrenia may include developmental problems, such as: 1. The author reports no competing interests. : From shunned to shining: doctors, madness and psychiatry in Australian and New Zealand cinema. Although a special empathetic understanding may help in symptom management, the notion of cure through a loving relationship is fiction. It does not make someone dangerous or violent. In media reporting and in public opinion schizophrenia probably has more negative associations that any other public health issue in the UK today. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1999 Google Scholar, 20 Swaminath G , Bhide A : Cinemadness: in search of sanity in films. There are some common myths or mistaken beliefs about schizophrenia which come from the media. According to a review of over 400 movies featuring psychotherapy, only one movie showed effective use of drug therapy (19). Schizophrenia is just as much a disease as cancer, but the horrific twist the media places on it makes it seem ominous. Negative symptoms were less frequently depicted. The finding that misinformation and negative portrayals of schizophrenia in contemporary movies are common underscores the importance of determining how viewers interpret media messages and how these interpretations inform attitudes and beliefs both of the general public and of people with schizophrenia. Over half of the movies that alluded to or depicted treatment referred to the use of medications, a finding that may reflect a greater awareness by filmmakers of current psychiatric treatment for schizophrenia. Late walking 4. English-language commercial movies that featured at least one character with schizophrenia and that were released for theatrical showing between 1990 and 2010 were viewed in their entirety. 137, No. So ruling out these developmental disorders is one of the first steps in diagnosis. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 6:19–39, 1995 Crossref, Google Scholar, 38 Granello D , Pauley P , Carmichael A : Relationship of the media to attitudes toward people with mental illness. Psychotropic medications were depicted or alluded to by slightly over half (N=23, 55%) of the movies, but other therapeutic modalities, such as psychotherapy or group therapy, were infrequently depicted. Additionally, this study's newly identified cinematic stereotype of “schizophrenia as possessed” reinforces stigmatizing messages about people with schizophrenia—making those with schizophrenia seem even more aberrant and dehumanized—through the suggestion or depiction of interactions with supernatural entities. Popular movies are considered especially powerful influences on attitude formation about mental illness (3,39). : Experience of stigma among outpatients with schizophrenia. Self-mutilation, suicide attempts, or any other behavior that had the potential of harming oneself was coded as violence toward self. Common misconceptions are that schizophrenics are violent, drink alcohol heavily or use narcotics, behave comically, or suffer from a non-curable disorder. The variables are described below, by category. The contemporary movies reviewed by this study both supported and refuted stereotypes and misconceptions about schizophrenia. 4, Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, Early Intervention in Psychiatry, Vol. : Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. Australasian Psychiatry 9:365–369, 2001 Crossref, Google Scholar, 32 Crisp AH , Gelder MG , Rix S , et al. World Psychiatry 4:181–185, 2005 Medline, Google Scholar, 28 Wilson C , Nairn R , Coverdale J , et al. People with schizophrenia spectrum disorder have an increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease later in life, according to both regional and nationwide data from Finland.. 13, No. Dr. Owen is affiliated with the Department of Psychology, St. Mary's University, 1 Camino Santa Maria, San Antonio, TX 78228 (e-mail: 9 June 2020 | Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. : Mental illness depiction in children's films. Critics of entertainment media have indicated that cinematic depictions of schizophrenia are stereotypic and characterized by misinformation about symptoms, causes, and treatment. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Your Privacy Controls. The contemporary movies reviewed by this study both supported and refuted stereotypes and misconceptions about schizophrenia. The surprisingly rich contours of schizophrenia epidemiology, Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses, Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance, Of fear and loathing: the role of “disturbing behavior,” labels, and causal attributions in shaping public attitudes toward people with mental illness, Mental illness: diagnostic title or derogatory term? Studies of this question have been criticized for having a number of methodological limitations (24). 1, Early Intervention in Psychiatry, Vol. Please read the entire Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. 3, Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 4, 24 April 2020 | JAMA Network Open, Vol. There is more media misinformation about schizophrenia than about any other type of mental health problem. Schizophrenia in particular engenders intense negative attitudes (35), which appear to be based on fears of dangerousness and violence (36). JCLP/In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice 59:207–215, 2003 Google Scholar, 8 Gabbard G : Schizophrenia on filmmaker's canvas. Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password, Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. Objective: Critics of entertainment media have indicated that cinematic depictions of schizophrenia are stereotypic and characterized by misinformation about symptoms, causes, and treatment. International Review of Psychiatry 21:267–268, 2009 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 5 Hyler SE , Gabbard GO , Schneider I : Homicidal maniacs and narcissistic parasites: stigmatization of mentally ill persons in the movies. There is substantial evidence that schizophrenia is associated with high rates of violence toward self. These experiences are more associated with dissociative identity disorder. We located every story published in major national, state and territory online and print news media outlets in the year ending August 2012 that cited schizophrenia or schizophrenic. Indeed, a literature review (24) of 34 empirical studies of media portrayals of mental illness published between 1990 and 2003 found only three studies that discussed movies and none of them analyzed depictions of schizophrenia (19,25,26). (Attitudes towards mental illness) Developing a learning resource for use within a clinical call centre: a systematic literature review on attitudes towards mental illness, Dangerousness, unpredictability, and the fear of people with schizophrenia, Relationship of the media to attitudes toward people with mental illness, Dispelling myths about schizophrenia using film. 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Although the word ‘schizophrenia’ is often associated with violence in the media, this is the exception rather than the rule. : Mental illness depictions in prime-time drama: identifying the discursive resources. Psychiatric Services 52:953–958, 2001 Link, Google Scholar, 45 Penn DL , Chamberlin C , Mueser KT : The effects of a documentary film about schizophrenia on psychiatric stigma. The Problem With How the Media Portrays Schizophrenia . If a character's symptoms could be attributed to a general medical condition or to the direct effects of a substance (13), the movie was excluded. Stories in the news and on TV shows are often sensationalised and misleading. When I was a child I used to think the nine o’clock news was the most boring thing. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 36:180–189, 1999 Crossref, Google Scholar, 26 Wahl O , Wood A , Zaveri P , et al. For the purpose of interrater reliability, all movies were also independently coded by a graduate student trained in the use of the coding scheme. But recent portrayals on people living with schizophrenia cast some doubt on this theory. Rates of schizophrenia are higher among African Americans than Caucasians (30) and only slightly higher among males than females (31). 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In addition, the stereotype of people with schizophrenia as having superior intellect or creativity had limited support in movies, although a few characters had genius abilities. Causation of schizophrenia, if directly stated or implied, was coded as primarily environmental, primarily biological, or a combination of the two. 3. Over 70 movies were viewed, and 41 met inclusion criteria. Schizophrenia. Only two characters, both African-American males, represented minority groups. Some movie characters with schizophrenia were depicted as having unusual experiences with otherworldly phenomena, an unexpected finding. They review and reflect on some of the ways mental health has been portrayed in the media, including TV episodes and newspaper articles.The way mental illness is portrayed and reported in the media is incredibly powerful in educating and influencing the public. Academic Psychiatry 27:117–122, 2003 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 24 Stout PA , Villegas J , Jennings NA : Images of mental illness in the media: identifying gaps in the research. More contemporary movies have continued to conflate violent behavior with mental illness. Nonsuicidal self-harm by people with schizophrenia has been observed (15), but its prevalence is unknown (16). Unpredictable behaviors and dangerous or violent (nonhomicidal and homicidal) behaviors occurring in the active or the residual phase of schizophrenia were coded. However, such underrepresentation raises interesting questions about whether the paucity of non-Caucasian movie characters might affect help seeking and treatment decisions among members of minority racial and ethnic groups with schizophrenia and even contribute to greater endorsement of stigma by members of these groups toward persons with mental illness (44). The impact of underrepresentation of members of racial and ethnic minority groups in movies about schizophrenia on members of those groups is unknown. : Crossing the line—learning psychiatry at the movies. Contemporary movies were fairly accurate in some characterizations of schizophrenia. Cambridge, Mass, Hogrefe, 2010 Google Scholar, 4 Akram A , O'Brien A , O'Neill A , et al. Ten (24%) characters committed suicide. : Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: another example of health disparity? To enable Verizon Media and our partners to process your personal data select 'I agree', or select 'Manage settings' for more information and to manage your choices. The truth is: It does not mean someone has a 'split personality'. It is anticipated that results will help clarify the prevalence and nature of stereotypes and misinformation foundin this widely patronized entertainment medium. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48:657–662, 2003 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 44 Corrigan P , Green A , Lundin R , et al. The pervasiveness and nature of misinformation are difficult to ascertain because of the lack of empirically based studies of movies portraying schizophrenia. Critics have faulted movies for their emphasis on the grossly disorganized and bizarre behaviors of characters with schizophrenia, many of whom are shown experiencing vivid visual hallucinations (4,16). According to movie critics, movies have falsely promoted the premise that traumatic life events, such as dysfunctional parenting, cause schizophrenia (18) and that schizophrenia can be cured by the special empathetic understanding of a loving helper (7,19,20). [A table listing the movies and characters is available online as a data supplement to this article.] Previous research has shown that some printed material has been both negative and stigmatizing, which can have a detrimental impact on individuals with mental illnesses. These movies were included in the analysis because by linking unusual behaviors with the label of schizophrenia, they most likely would lead viewers without disconfirming information to believe such behaviors were indicative of schizophrenia. A majority (N=35, 83%) of the characters displayed dangerous or violent behaviors toward others, and nearly one-third (N=13, 31%) of violent individuals engaged in homicidal behavior. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47:487–503, 2012 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 11 Walsh E , Gilvarry C , Samele C , et al. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 111:316–319, 2005 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 23 Rosenstock J : Beyond “A Beautiful Mind”: film choices for teaching schizophrenia. : Predicting violence in schizophrenia: a prospective study. There's more misinformation in the media about schizophrenia than about any other type of mental health problem. The Causes of Schizophrenia 6. In movies in which the character's residential circumstances changed, the predominant residence was coded. Research suggests schizophrenia may be caused by a change in the level of 2 neurotransmitters: dopamine and serotonin. British Journal of Psychiatry 177:4–7, 2000 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 33 Link BG , Phelan JC , Bresnahan M , et al. An important question concerns the interaction of media-informed knowledge and attitudes about schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses and stigma and discrimination toward those with a mental illness. Hospital admission is often not needed and many people with schizophrenia live a stable life, work, and have relationships. The demographic profile of characters with schizophrenia in movies provides another source of misinformation. Unfortunately, the news media and the entertainment industry must take considerable responsibility in the stigma schizophrenia patients and their families battle daily. Effective treatments are available, yet patients and their families often find it hard to access good care. To those who struggle with severe mental illness, the pejorative stereotypes found in movies about schizophrenia have detrimental consequences. 9, American Psychiatric Association Publishing, DSM-5® Handbook of Differential Diagnosis, DSM-5® Handbook on the Cultural Formulation Interview, The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, Psychiatric Services From Pages to Practice, News media portrayal of mental illness: implications for public policy, Crossing the line—learning psychiatry at the movies, Homicidal maniacs and narcissistic parasites: stigmatization of mentally ill persons in the movies, Fall and rise of the movie ‘psycho killer.’, The clinical use of films in psychotherapy, Schizophrenia: illness, stigma, and misconceptions. Although movie characters with schizophrenia were almost exclusively Caucasian, and a majority were male, in the United States, African Americans have significantly higher rates of schizophrenia compared with other racial groups (29) and males have only a slightly higher incidence rate of schizophrenia than females (30). Indian Journal of Psychiatry 51:244–246, 2009 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 21 Greenberg HR : Caveat actor, caveat emptor: some notes on some hazards of Tinseltown teaching. 56, No. What's more, research has shown that popular movies have been shown to exert potent influenc… Considerable evidence indicates a substantial biological basis for schizophrenia (16) and use of antipsychotic medications—not electroconvulsive therapy or catharsis—as first-line treatment of schizophrenia symptoms. Almost half (N=19, 45%) of the characters were judged to be of below average or low socioeconomic status, and ten (24%) were judged to be of high socioeconomic status. International Review of Psychiatry 21:241–244, 2009 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 22 Gharaibeh NM : The psychiatrist's image in commercially available American movies. By closing this message, browsing this website, continuing the navigation, or otherwise continuing to use the APA's websites, you confirm that you understand and accept the terms of the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including the utilization of cookies. English-language movies featuring at least one main character with schizophrenia that were released for showing in theaters between 1990 and 2010 were analyzed for depictions of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia does not mean someone has a split personality or multiple personalities. Movies, in particular, have been faulted for misrepresenting mental illness and perpetuating stereotypes (3). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 107:163–169, 2003 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 40 Owen P : Dispelling myths about schizophrenia using film. Yet the association of genius with schizophrenia is considered largely to be a myth, given that the diminished cognitive abilities of many people with schizophrenia preclude the ability to sustain the focused attention necessary for creative achievement (16). Woman admits killing 88-year-old church warden in village shop. 5, International Journal of Mental Health, Vol. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has updated its Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including with new information specifically addressed to individuals in the European Economic Area. Negative symptoms, which contribute significantly to the disability associated with schizophrenia are hard to treat with currently available medication. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling.People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment. One family’s struggle with schizophrenia. American Journal of Public Health 89:1328–1333, 1999 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 34 Martin J , Pescosolido B , Tuch SA : Of fear and loathing: the role of “disturbing behavior,” labels, and causal attributions in shaping public attitudes toward people with mental illness. Newspaper media are a major source of information about mental illness in the United States. We and our partners will store and/or access information on your device through the use of cookies and similar technologies, to display personalised ads and content, for ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. With Prejudice Toward Individuals With Mental Illness, End-of-Life in Disney and Pixar Films: An opportunity for Engaging in Difficult Conversation, Perceptions of schizophrenia in the Australian community: 2005–2017, Connectivity and dysconnectivity: A brief history of functional connectivity research in schizophrenia and future directions, Listening to the Voices People Hear: Auditory Hallucinations Beyond a Diagnostic Framework, The Impact of Films on Viewer Attitudes towards People with Schizophrenia, Community Health Workers: a Resource to Support Antipsychotic Medication Adherence. Researchers collected data from 127 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia from online databases. The specific types of treatments shown or alluded to by the movie were noted on the coding sheet. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33:232–239, 1999 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar, 29 Bresnahan M , Begg MD , Brown A , et al. Of the 42 characters in this movie analysis, 35 displayed some form of violent behavior toward others, and 13 engaged in homicidal behaviors. Others have found a change in th… Estimated age ranged from preteen to 70 years old, and slightly less than half (N=18, 43%) of the characters were in their twenties. Eight characters (19%) showed flat affect, and two (5%) showed alogia and avolition. Inaccurate and negative portrayals have potential significance for how viewers interpret media messages about schizophrenia and how these interpretations inform attitudes and beliefs among both the general public and among those with schizophrenia. This study analyzed portrayals of schizophrenia in contemporary movies to ascertain prevalence of stereotypes and misinformation about schizophrenia. There's more misinformation in the media about schizophrenia than about any other type of mental health problem. The prevalence of movie misrepresentations of schizophrenia is difficult to ascertain because information about portrayals of schizophrenia in movies has been derived from either descriptive studies of a limited set of exemplar movies (5) or single case reports with an author's analysis of one or two movies (21,23). Intervention in Psychiatry, Vol 1, 26 June 2019 | Journal of mental illness comparison! Research, Vol: mental illness depictions in prime-time drama: identifying the discursive resources a very broad and. The Individual and their families often find it hard to treat with currently available medication help symptoms. Have been faulted for misrepresenting mental illness ( 1,2 ) a, O'Brien a, O'Neill a O'Neill. Myth of schizophrenia are more associated with schizophrenia typically is Caucasian and male, characteristics are... Killer ” movies think the nine o ’ clock news was the association of in. 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