[120] Additionally, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges. [54] Tensions between the military and the PKI culminated in an attempted coup in 1965. "Kropak 406; Carita Parahyangan dan Fragmen Carita Parahyangan", Makalah disampaikan dalam Kegiatan Bedah Naskah Kuna yang diselenggarakan oleh Balai Pengelolaan Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. [19], After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. [21][22][23] Homo sapiens reached the region around 43,000 BCE. Indonesia has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with rain forests that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres). [257][258], Education is compulsory for 12 years. [103] It also threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species. It consists of lead vocalist and multi-instrumentalist Ryan Tedder, guitarist Zach Filkins, guitarist Drew Brown, bassist and cellist Brent Kutzle, drummer Eddie Fisher and keyboardist Brian Willett. [70], Since 1998, democratic processes have been strengthened by enhancing regional autonomy and instituting the country's first direct presidential election in 2004. We pride ourselves on our retail-based model focused on convenience and fanatic customer service. Department of Foreign Affairs. [208] The population density is 138 people per km2 (357 per sq mi), ranking 88th in the world,[209] although Java has a population density of 1,067 people per km2 (2,435 per sq mi). For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java. [citation needed], Some regions, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra, experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in the dry season, and floods in the wet. It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. [106], Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the projected effects of climate change. Management ini lahir pada Maret 2007 yang dipelopori oleh Ahmad Dhani, seorang komposer musik dan penulis lagu Indonesia, pentolan Dewa 19. Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity. [291] Examples include war dances, a dance of witch doctors, and dance to call for rain or any agricultural rituals such as Hudoq. [321], Some popular dishes such as nasi goreng, gado-gado, sate, and soto are ubiquitous and considered as national dishes. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia is a government ministry responsible for the country's foreign politics. [34][245] Trade, missionary works such as by the Wali Sanga and Chinese explorer Zheng He, and military campaigns by several sultanates helped accelerate the spread of the religion. [315][316] Literature and poetry flourished during the decades leading up to and after independence. Political reforms in 1998 included the removal of the TNI's formal representation from the legislature. In the 1970s, Indonesia became the first developing country to operate a satellite system called Palapa,[194] a series of communication satellites owned by Indosat Ooredoo. [172], Indonesia has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, coal, tin, copper, gold, and nickel, while agriculture produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices, and rubber. [161], Over time, the structure of the economy has changed considerably. Garuda Indonesia, the country's flag carrier since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and a member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, regencies and cities have become chief administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. [302] Notable films in this period include Pengabdi Setan (1980), Nagabonar (1987), Tjoet Nja' Dhien (1988), Catatan Si Boy (1989), and Warkop's comedy films. [16] In the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. [163] A gradual process of industrialisation and urbanisation began in the late 1960s and accelerated in the 1980s as falling oil prices saw the government focus on diversifying away from oil exports and towards manufactured exports. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions, "Influence of Hinduism and Buddhism on Indonesian culture", "How religious commitment varies by country among people of all ages", "Awakening Indonesia's Golden Generation: Extending Compulsory Education from 9 to 12 Years", "Educative Tradition and Islamic Schools in Indonesia", "Is Indonesia Ready for International Branch Campuses? The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the 7th century when Srivijaya and later Majapahit traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. [278], Indonesian arts include both age-old art forms developed through centuries and a recently developed contemporary art. 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